Different sources answer different questions

Original research papers explain what investigators tested. Regulatory sources explain decisions or safety concerns. A commercial listing identifies what a seller says an item contains. These sources are not interchangeable.

We link to medical and scientific publications through PubMed and to the relevant institutions. A physician or researcher’s authorship does not imply endorsement of this publication or any product. No clinical review of this site is claimed.

This is a selected educational bibliography, not a systematic review. Some older papers are included to explain a compound’s research history. Read the methods and limitations, check newer literature and distinguish cellular, animal and human results.

Research material is not a medicine

FDA describes safety concerns and missing information for a number of peptide substances, including risks involving immune responses, impurities and uncertain human safety. Details differ by substance and route. Read FDA’s substance-specific assessment (opens in a new tab)

Approval of a named medicine applies to that regulated product and its indication. It does not confer approval on a research catalog item. A clinical trial, a laboratory paper, a supplier certificate and a regulatory approval each establish different things.

The site contains no dosing, preparation or treatment protocols. Discuss individual medical questions with a qualified health professional.

Source directory

Checked October 26, 2026. Research and regulatory status can change. Each product guide explains which sources support its discussion.

  1. Animal studyAlexopoulos et al., 2020 — BAM15 in mice (opens in a new tab)
  2. Animal studyAnisimov et al., 2003 — mouse lifespan experiment (opens in a new tab)
  3. Small human studyBes et al., 1992 — double-blind DSIP sleep study (opens in a new tab)
  4. Cell and animal studyBillon et al., 2023 — synthetic ERR agonist research (opens in a new tab)
  5. Cell and tissue studyChang et al., 2011 — tendon fibroblast experiment (opens in a new tab)
  6. Animal studyConlon et al., 1995 — long R3 IGF-I animal study (opens in a new tab)
  7. Regulated product labelDailyMed — bacteriostatic water labeling (opens in a new tab)
  8. Cell and animal studyDalmasso et al., 2008 — PepT1-mediated KPV uptake (opens in a new tab)
  9. Preclinical graft studyDe Brouwer et al., 1997 — RU58841 in scalp grafts on mice (opens in a new tab)
  10. Early human studyDorr et al., 1996 — melanotan-II pilot phase I study (opens in a new tab)
  11. Animal studyDunaiski et al., 1997 — long R3 IGF-I in pigs (opens in a new tab)
  12. Regulatory decisionFDA — Zepbound approval (opens in a new tab)
  13. Regulatory safety informationFDA — current retatrutide status (opens in a new tab)
  14. Regulatory safety informationFDA — safety risks identified for certain bulk substances (opens in a new tab)
  15. Regulated medicine labelFDA, 2025 — Egrifta WR prescribing information (opens in a new tab)
  16. Regulatory decisionFDA, 2025 — Forzinity accelerated approval (opens in a new tab)
  17. Human pilot studyGrant et al., 2019 — exploratory NAD+ metabolome study (opens in a new tab)
  18. Human randomized trialJastreboff et al., 2022 — SURMOUNT-1 (opens in a new tab)
  19. Human randomized trialJastreboff et al., 2023 — phase II retatrutide trial (opens in a new tab)
  20. Human trial publicationJastreboff et al., 2026 — retatrutide clinical trial (opens in a new tab)
  21. Animal studyKannengiesser et al., 2008 — KPV in murine colitis (opens in a new tab)
  22. Cell studyKhavinson et al., 2003 — telomerase in cultured cells (opens in a new tab)
  23. Mechanistic studyKim et al., 2018 — MOTS-c and nuclear gene expression (opens in a new tab)
  24. Preclinical studyLee et al., 2015 — MOTS-c and metabolic homeostasis (opens in a new tab)
  25. Cell studyMaquart et al., 1988 — GHK-Cu and fibroblast collagen synthesis (opens in a new tab)
  26. Cell and animal studyNeelakantan et al., 2018 — selective small-molecule NNMT inhibitors (opens in a new tab)
  27. Animal studyNg et al., 2000 — AOD9604 metabolic study (opens in a new tab)
  28. Seller listing; identity and format onlyPremier Aminos — 5 Amino 1MQ 50mg Capsules (60 ct) (opens in a new tab)
  29. Seller listing; identity and format onlyPremier Aminos — 5 Amino 1MQ 5mg Vial (opens in a new tab)
  30. Seller listing; identity and format onlyPremier Aminos — AOD-9604 (opens in a new tab)
  31. Seller listing; identity and format onlyPremier Aminos — BAC Water (opens in a new tab)
  32. Seller listing; identity and format onlyPremier Aminos — BPC-157 (opens in a new tab)
  33. Seller listing; identity and format onlyPremier Aminos — BPC-157 / TB-500 (Wolverine Blend) (opens in a new tab)
  34. Seller listing; identity and format onlyPremier Aminos — BPC-157/TB500 Nasal (opens in a new tab)
  35. Seller listing; identity and format onlyPremier Aminos — CJC 1295 DAC (opens in a new tab)
  36. Seller listing; identity and format onlyPremier Aminos — CJC-1295/IPA (opens in a new tab)
  37. Seller listing; identity and format onlyPremier Aminos — DSIP Spray (opens in a new tab)
  38. Seller listing; identity and format onlyPremier Aminos — Enclomiphene (opens in a new tab)
  39. Seller listing; identity and format onlyPremier Aminos — Epithalon (opens in a new tab)
  40. Seller listing; identity and format onlyPremier Aminos — GHK-CU (opens in a new tab)
  41. Seller listing; identity and format onlyPremier Aminos — GLOW (GHK-CU/BPC/TB500) (opens in a new tab)
  42. Seller listing; identity and format onlyPremier Aminos — Glutathione (opens in a new tab)
  43. Seller listing; identity and format onlyPremier Aminos — IGF1-LR3 (opens in a new tab)
  44. Seller listing; identity and format onlyPremier Aminos — Ipamorelin (opens in a new tab)
  45. Seller listing; identity and format onlyPremier Aminos — KLOW (opens in a new tab)
  46. Seller listing; identity and format onlyPremier Aminos — KPV (opens in a new tab)
  47. Seller listing; identity and format onlyPremier Aminos — Klow Capsules (opens in a new tab)
  48. Seller listing; identity and format onlyPremier Aminos — MOTS-C (opens in a new tab)
  49. Seller listing; identity and format onlyPremier Aminos — Melanotan 2 (opens in a new tab)
  50. Seller listing; identity and format onlyPremier Aminos — NAD+ (opens in a new tab)
  51. Seller listing; identity and format onlyPremier Aminos — NAD+ Spray (opens in a new tab)
  52. Seller listing; identity and format onlyPremier Aminos — PA2-T (opens in a new tab)
  53. Seller listing; identity and format onlyPremier Aminos — PA3-R (opens in a new tab)
  54. Seller listing; identity and format onlyPremier Aminos — Premier Bronze Serum (opens in a new tab)
  55. Seller listing; identity and format onlyPremier Aminos — Premier Burn (opens in a new tab)
  56. Seller listing; identity and format onlyPremier Aminos — Premier Hair Blend (opens in a new tab)
  57. Seller listing; identity and format onlyPremier Aminos — Premier Repair (opens in a new tab)
  58. Seller listing; identity and format onlyPremier Aminos — Premier T (opens in a new tab)
  59. Seller listing; identity and format onlyPremier Aminos — Rejuvenate Serum (opens in a new tab)
  60. Seller listing; identity and format onlyPremier Aminos — Repair/Revive Serum (opens in a new tab)
  61. Seller listing; identity and format onlyPremier Aminos — SLU-PP-332 (opens in a new tab)
  62. Seller listing; identity and format onlyPremier Aminos — SS-31 (opens in a new tab)
  63. Seller listing; identity and format onlyPremier Aminos — Semax/Selank Spray Blend (opens in a new tab)
  64. Seller listing; identity and format onlyPremier Aminos — Tesamorelin (opens in a new tab)
  65. Seller listing; identity and format onlyPremier Aminos — Thymosin Alpha-1 (opens in a new tab)
  66. Biochemical referencePubChem — glutathione pathway (opens in a new tab)
  67. Preclinical pharmacologyRaun et al., 1998 — ipamorelin pharmacology (opens in a new tab)
  68. Human randomized studyRichie et al., 2015 — oral glutathione trial (opens in a new tab)
  69. Animal studyShadrina et al., 2010 — Semax and rat gene expression (opens in a new tab)
  70. Human randomized studyTeichman et al., 2006 — CJC-1295 in healthy adults (opens in a new tab)
  71. Animal studyVolkova et al., 2016 — Selank and neurotransmission genes (opens in a new tab)
  72. Human randomized studyWiehle et al., 2014 — randomized phase II enclomiphene study (opens in a new tab)
  73. Randomized clinical trialWu et al., 2025 — TESTS sepsis trial (opens in a new tab)